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Recyclers in NatureRecycling something means using it again, especially by breaking it down and making something else out of it. Most students know that humans recycle cans, bottles, newspapers, and other items. However, there are also recyclers in nature.
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A Visit to Oso Flaco Preserve on California's Central CoastOso Flaco is a preserved lake, creek, and beachfront sand-dunes area near the towns of Nipomo and Guadalupe on the Central Coast of California.
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American Christmas SpiritualsChristmas celebrations nearly always include music. However, one of the richest sources of such music is widely overlooked: American Christmas spirituals.
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The Ocarina as a Starter Instrument for Young Music StudentsMany children want to play a musical instrument but are not sure which one. Often parents want to give the children some time before asking the youngsters to make a choice. In such cases, the ocarina is an ideal starter instrument.
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Group Lessons in Music: Advantages for Pupils and ParentsFor generations, parents and music teachers alike assumed that individual lessons were the ideal way of teaching musical instruments to young pupils. Today, however, many teachers recommend group lessons, especially in the early stages.
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Irregular Waves, Island, Island Arc, Isle, Islet: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are irregular waves, island, island arc, island chain, isle, islet.
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Impermeable Groin, Incident Wave, Inlet, Inshore, Intertidal: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are impermeable groin, incident wave, infragravity waves, inlet, inlet gorge, inshore, inshore current, intertidal.
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Hindcast, Hinterland, Hook, Horizon, Hurricane: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are hindcast, hinterland, holm, hook, horizon, hurricane.
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Brahms' Lullaby - Listener's GuideEven in his brief, simple, folklike Lullaby, Johannes Brahms breathes subtle genius into his music. Here is a listener's guide to some of the aural joy in this little masterpiece.
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Heave, Heavy Sea, High Sea, High Tide, High Water: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are heave, heavy sea, higher high water, higher low water, high sea, high tide, high water, high-water line, high-water mark.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 15 - Listener's GuideThe 16 piano waltzes that Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) put into his Op. 39 are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 15.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 16 - Listener's GuideThe 16 piano waltzes that Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) put into his Op. 39 are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 16.
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Fairway, Feeder Beach, Feeder Current, Fetch, Fjord: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are fairway, feeder beach, feeder current, fetch, fetch length, fjord.
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Flow, Flushing Time, Foam, Foreland: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are flow, flushing time, foam, foamer, foam line, following wind, foreland.
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Foreshore, Freeboard, Fringing Reef, Frontage: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are foreshore, freeboard, fringing reef, frontage, fully developed sea.
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Gabion, Gale, Generating Area, Graded Bedding, Gradient: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are gabion, gale, generating area, generation of waves, graded bedding, gradient, gravel.
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Gravity Wave, Groin, Ground Swell, Gut, Guyot: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are gravity wave, groin, groin bay, groin system, ground swell, group velocity, gut, guyot.
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Firth, Flood, Flood Current, Floodmark, Flood Tidal Delta: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are firth, flood, flood current, flood interval, floodmark, flood strength, flood tidal delta, flood tide.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 14 - Listener's GuideThe 16 piano waltzes that Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) put into his Op. 39 are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 14.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 12 - Listener's GuideThe 16 piano waltzes that Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) put into his Op. 39 are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 12.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 13 - Listener's GuideThe 16 piano waltzes that Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) put into his Op. 39 are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 13.
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Dock, Double Tide, Downwelling, Drift, Drying Beach: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are dock, double tide, downdrift, downwelling, drift, drift sector, drying beach.
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Dune, Duration, Ebb, Ebb-and-Flow Structure, Ebb Tidal Delta: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are dune, duration, ebb, ebb and flow, ebb-and-flow structure, ebb current, ebb strength, ebb tidal delta, ebb tide.
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Eddy, Edge Wave, Emergent Coast, Equatorial Tide: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are eddy, edge wave, embayment, emergent coast, entrance, equatorial current, equatorial tide.
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Erosion, Escarpment, Estuary, Eulittoral, Eustacy: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are erosion, escarpment, estuary, eulittoral, eustacy.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 11 - Listener's GuideThe 16 piano waltzes that Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) put into his Op. 39 have remained popular among classical music enthusiasts for more than 100 years. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 11.
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Debris Line, Deflation, Degradation, Delta: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are debris line, deflation, degradation, delta.
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Dene, Denudation, Deposition, Design Storm, Detritus: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are dene, denudation, deposition, depression, design storm, design wave, detritus.
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Differential Erosion, Diffraction, Discordant Coast, Dispersion, Diurnal Inequality: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are differential erosion, diffraction, discordant coast, dispersion, diurnal current, diurnal tide, diurnal inequality.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 9 - Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms (1833-1897) arranged his 16 piano waltzes of Op. 39 from his own original four-hand piano versions. These waltzes are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 9.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 10 - Listener's GuideThe 16 piano waltzes that Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) put into his Op. 39 have remained popular among classical music enthusiasts for more than 100 years. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 10.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 5: A Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms arranged his 16 Op. 39 piano waltzes from his own four-hand piano version of the set. Through recitals, recordings and private studies, these waltzes have remained popular. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 5.
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Berm, Blowhole, Boondock, Bore, Breaker: Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are berm, blowhole, boondocks, bore, breaker.
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Canal, Cape, Chop, Coast - Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are canal, cape, chop, coast, coastal plain, coastal zone, coasting, coastland, coastline.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 8 - Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms arranged his 16 piano waltzes of Op. 39 from his own original four-hand piano versions. These waltzes are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 8.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 6 - Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms arranged his 16 Op. 39 piano waltzes from his own original four-hand piano version of the set. Through recitals, recordings, and private studies, these waltzes have remained popular. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 6.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 7 - Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms arranged his 16 Op. 39 piano waltzes from his own original four-hand piano version of the pieces. These waltzes are still popular among classical music enthusiasts. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 7.
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Concordant Coast and Continental Shelf - Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are concordant coast and continental shelf.
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Coral Reef, Cove, Current, Cusp - Word Origins, Descriptions of Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of word origins and physical descriptions of coastal features and processes, here are coral reef, cove, current, cusp.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 3: A Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms arranged his 16 Op. 39 waltzes from his own four-hand piano version of the set. Through recitals, recordings and private studies, these waltzes have remained popular to the present day. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 3.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 4: A Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms arranged his 16 Op. 39 piano waltzes from his own four-hand piano version of the set. Through recitals, recordings, and private studies, these waltzes have remained popular to the present day. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 4.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 2 - Listener's GuideJohannes Brahms arranged his 16 Op. 39 piano waltzes from his own four-hand piano version of the set. Through recitals, recordings, and private studies, these waltzes have remained popular to the present day. Here is a listener's guide for Op. 39, No. 2.
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Brahms' Waltz Op. 39, No. 1 - A Listener's GuideThe German composer Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) has a reputation among classical music enthusiasts for the complexity and seriousness of his music. But Brahms has a lighter side as well, as in his Waltz Op. 39, No.1.
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Word Origins of Arch, Arm, Attrition, Bank, Bar - Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of terms relating to coastal features and processes, here are word origins of arch, arm, attrition, bank, bar.
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Word Origins of Barrier, Barrier Beach, Barrier Island, Barrier Reef - Coastal Features and ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of terms relating to coastal features and processes, here are word origins of barrier, barrier bar, barrier beach, barrier island, barrier reef, offshore bar.
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Word Origins of Backshore, Basin, Bay, Bayou - Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of terms relating to coastal features and processes, here are word origins of backshore, basin, bay, bayou.
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Word Origins of Atoll, Beach, Beach Cusp, Beachline, Beach Pool, Beach Ridge - Coastal Features, ProcessesIn the current alphabetic series of terms relating to coastal features and processes, here are word origins of atoll, beach, beach cusp, beachline, beach pool, beach ridge.
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Cadences in Early Polyphonic MusicMost music listeners are familiar with the sounds and effects of the cadences in modern harmony. However, most listeners and even many musicians are unfamiliar with the cadences that preceded, and eventually led to, modern formulas.
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Wash, Wetland, Wet Meadow, Will-o'-the-Wisp: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of wash, wetland, wet meadow, will-o'-the-wisp.
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Tussock, Vernal Pool: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of tussock, vernal pool.
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Sphagnum, Sump, Swamp: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms, and histories of sphagnum, sump, swamp.
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Quicksand and Slough: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of quicksand, slough.
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Pothole, Prairie Pothole, Quag, Quagmire: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of pothole, prairie pothole, quag, quagmire.
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Pan, Peat Bog, Playa Lake: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of pan, peat, peat bog, peat moor, peat moss, playa lake.
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Kettle, Moss, Muskeg: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of kettle, kettle hole, moss, muskeg.
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Ignis Fatuus, Jack-o'-Lantern, Morass: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps, and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of ignis fatuus, jack-o'-lantern, morass.
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Mere, Mire, Moor: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar natural features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms, and histories mere, mire, moor.
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Letch, Marsh, Marsh Gas, Marshland: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar features are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of letch, marsh, marsh gas, marshland.
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Heath and Heather: Origins, Forms and Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and similar areas are known by many names in English. Here, for example, are the origins, forms and histories of heath and its offshoot heather.
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Glade, Hammock, Hummock: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and other wetlands are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of glade, hammock, hummock.
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Fen, Flash, Flodge, Flush: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and other wetlands are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of fen, flash, flask, flodge, flosh, flush.
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Everglade, Fell: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and other wetlands are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of everglade and fell.
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Bog, Brake, Carr: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Marsh, SwampMarshes, swamps and other wetlands are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of bog, brake, carr.
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Well, Wellspring, White Water, Winterbourne: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of well, wellspring, white water, winterbourne.
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Water, Watercourse, Waterfall, Water Table, Waterway: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of water, watercourse, waterfall, water hole, watering place, water table, waterway.
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Tributary, Upriver, Upstream, Wash: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of tributary, upriver, upstream, wash.
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Tarn, Thalweg, Torrent: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of tarn, thalweg, torrent.
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Spring, Strait, Stream: Origins, Forms, and Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of spring, strait, stream.
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Sound and Source: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of sound, source.
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Shallow, Shoal, Shoot, Sike, Sitch: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of shallow, shoal, shoot, sike, sitch.
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Rindle, Rivulet, Run, Rundle, Runnel, Runoff: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of rindle, rivulet, run, rundle, runnel, runoff.
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Pond, Pool, Pound: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of pond, pool, pound.
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Ripple, Rithe, River: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of ripple, rithe, river.
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Reach, Reservoir, Riffle, Rift, Rill, Riparian: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of reach, reservoir, riffle, rift, rill, riparian.
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Prong, Puddle, Rapid: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of prong, puddle, rapid.
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Plash, Playa, Plunge: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of plash,playa, plunge.
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Mouth, Oxbow, Oxbow Lake: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of mouth, oxbow, oxbow lake.
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Meander, Meltwater, Mere: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of meander, meltwater, mere.
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Linn, Llyn, Loch, Lode: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and Lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of linn, llyn, loch, lode.
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Lake, Lick: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of lick plus two versions of the word lake.
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Keld, Kill, Lade, Lagoon: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of keld, kill, lade, lagoon.
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Hot Spring, Inlet, Inundation: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms, histories of hot spring, inlet, inundation.
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Groundwater, Head, Headstream, Headwater: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of groundwater, head, headstream, headwater.
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Flush, Fork, Fresh, Freshet, Freshwater: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of flush, fork, fresh, freshet, freshwater.
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Font, Fount, Fountain: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of font, fount, fountain.
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Fleet, Flow, Force, Ford: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of fleet, flow, force, ford.
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Fall Line, Feeder, Flood: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of fall line, feeder, flood.
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Downriver, Downstream, Estuary, Fall: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of downriver, downstream, estuary, fall.
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Dam, Delta, Distributary: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of
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Cove, Creek, Cutoff: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of cove, creek, cutoff.
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Chute, Confluence, Course: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of chute, confluence, course.
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Arm, Catchment, Channel: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of arm, catchment, channel.
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Brook, Cascade, Cataract: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of brook, cascade, cataract.
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Billabong, Bourn, Bourne, Branch, Burn: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of billabong, bourn, bourne, branch, burn.
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Bay, Bayou, Beck: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of bay, bayou, beck.
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Avulsion, Bache, Backwater, Basin: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of avulsion, bache, backwater, basin.
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Alluvial River, Alluvial Stream, Anabranch, Arroyo: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning River, LakeRivers and lakes are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of alluvial river, alluvial stream, anabranch, arroyo.
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Wold, Wood, Woodland, Woodlot: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Wooded AreaWooded areas are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of wold, wood, woodland, woodlot.
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Timber, Underbrush, Weald: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning WoodlandWooded areas are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of timber, timberland, timberline, underbrush, undergrowth, underwood, weald.
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Shaw, Shrubbery, Silva, Spinney, Thicket: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning WoodlandWooded areas are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms and histories of shaw, shrubbery, silva, spinney, thicket.
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Plantation, Preserve, Shag: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning WoodlandWoodland areas are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of plantation, preserve, shag.
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Hurst, Orchard, Park, Parkland: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning WoodlandWooded areas are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of hurst, orchard, park, parkland.
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Forest, Grove, Hanger, Holt: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning WoodlandWooded areas are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of forest, grove, hanger, holt.
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Chase, Covert, Firth, Frith: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Wooded AreaWooded areas are known by many different names in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of chase, covert, firth, frith.
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Bosk, Brush, Bush, Carr, Coppice, Copse: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Wooded AreaWooded areas are known by many different words in English. Here are the origins, forms, and histories of bosk, brush, bush, carr, coppice, copse.
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Vale, Valley, Vault, Vein, Wadi: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of vale, valley, vault, vein, wadi.
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Wash, Watercourse, Water Gap, Well, Wind Gap: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of wash, watercourse, water gap, well, wind gap.
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Trench, Trough, Tube, Tunnel, Underground: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of trench, trough, tube, tunnel, underground.
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Sluice, Strath, Subway, Tomb, Torrent: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of sluice, strath, subway, tomb, torrent.
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Ravine, Recess, Rift, Shaft, Slade: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of ravine, recess, rift, shaft, slade.
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Musical Canons: How to Distinguish the Basic TypesA musical canon is a contrapuntal technique. The many different types of canon can be distinguished by their structures and their use of special devices.
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Notch, Pass, Pit, Pocket, Race: Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of notch, pass, pit, pocket, race.
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Hole, Hollow, Hope, Lair, Level: Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of hole, hollow, hope, lair, level.
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Lodge, Low Country, Lowland, Mine, Moat: Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of lodge, low country, lowland, mine, moat.
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Cadences in Classical HarmonyA cadence in music is a melodic or harmonic formula that gives a sense of temporary or permanent conclusion at the end of a phrase, a section, or a composition. Cadences fall into these categories: perfect, imperfect, deceptive, and masculine/feminine.
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Grotto, Gulch, Gulf, Gully: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of grotto, gulch, gulf, gully, gut.
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Gill, Glen, Gorge, Grave: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of gill, glen, gorge, grave, groove.
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Flume, Furrow, Gallery, Gap: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of flume, fosse, furrow, gallery, gap.
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Drain, Excavation, Fault, Fissure: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of drain, drift, dugout, excavation, fault, fissure.
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Dimble, Dingle, Dip, Ditch: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of dimble, dingle, dip, ditch.
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Den, Dene, Depression, Dike: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of den, dene, depression, dike.
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Corrie, Dale, Defile, Dell: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of corrie, dale, defile, dell.
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Crevasse, Crosscut, Crypt, Cwm: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of crevasse, crevice, crosscut, crypt, cwm.
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Combe, Couch, Course, Crater: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of combe, couch, course, crater.
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Chine, Circus, Cirque, Clough: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of chine, circus, cirque, clough.
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Canyon, Channel, Chasm, Chimney: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of canyon, channel, chasm, chimney.
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Burrow, Catacomb, Cave, Cavern: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley, CaveValleys and caves are known by a range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of burrow, catacomb, cave, cavern.
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Adit, Basin, Bottom, Bowl: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Valley or CaveValleys and caves are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of adit, basin, bottom, bowl.
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Bluff, Knob, Precipice, Rock: Origins, Forms, and Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of bluff, esker, knob, precipice, rock, steep.
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Crest, Crown, Downland, Escarpment: Origins, Forms, and Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of crest, crown, downgrade, downhill, downland, escarpment.
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Alp, Bench, Butte, Comb: Origins, Forms, and Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of alp, bench, butte, comb, kame.
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Tilt, Tor, Tumulus, Upland: Origins, Forms, and Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of tilt, tor, tumulus, upland.
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Summit, Swell, Table, Terrace: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of summit, swell, table, terrace.
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Shelf, Side, Slant, Slope: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of shelf, side, slant, slope.
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Range, Ridge, Rise, Scarp: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of range, ridge, rise, scarp.
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Plateau, Platform, Point, Promontory: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of plateau, platform, point, promontory.
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Peak, Pen, Pike, Pinnacle: Origins, Forms, and Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of peak, pen, pike, pinnacle.
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Mound, Mount, Mountain, Over: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms and histories of mound, mount, mountain, over.
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Incline, Knoll, Lith, Mesa: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of the following examples: inclination, incline, knoll, lith, mesa.
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Hill, How, Hummock, Hurst: Origins, Forms, and Histories of Words Meaning "Hill" or "Slope"Hills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of the following examples: hill, hillock, how, hummock, hump, and hurst.
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Head, Height, High, Highland: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Hare is an overview of the origins, forms and histories of head, height, high and highland.
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Edge, Eminence, Fell, Grade: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning "Hill" or "Slope"Hills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms and histories of edge, elevation, eminence, fell, grade and gradient.
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Declension, Descent, Down, Dune: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a wide range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of the following examples: declension, decline, declivity, descent, down, downgrade, downhill, dun and dune.
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Brae, Brink, Cliff, Crag: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by a range of words in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms and histories of the following examples: brae, breck, brink, brow, cam, cliff, and crag.
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Bank, Barrow, Borough, Burgh: Origins, Forms, Histories of Words Meaning Hill or SlopeHills and slopes are known by many different terms in English. Here is an overview of the origins, forms, and histories of the following examples: acclivity, bank, barrow, borough and related words.
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Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon Registers: A Guide for Players, ListenersA distinct portion of the total range of pitches that an instrument can play is called a register. Compared with any other major category of musical instruments, woodwinds have more variations of tone color within each instrument's range.
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Tonguing on Woodwind Instruments: Basic TechniquesIn the playing of woodwind instruments (such as the flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon), tonguing is the use of the tongue for articulation. It is one of the most important techniques because it initiates virtually all woodwind musical passages.
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Embouchure in Woodwind InstrumentsThe word "embouchure" has two meanings in music. One is the mouthpiece of a wind instrument. The other is the manner in which the lips, tongue, and teeth use the mouthpiece to produce tones.
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Slide Mechanisms on Wind Instruments: Basic PrinciplesA musical wind instrument that consists only of its pipe can play only its fundamental tone and some of its higher natural tones (overtones). To obtain the missing tones, some instruments use a slide mechanism.
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Tone Production in Wind InstrumentsMusical wind instruments produce tones by vibrating an enclosed column of air. All these instruments produce their fundamental tones and their natural series of tones in much the same way.
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After the Ball, by Charles K. Harris - America's First Hit SongThe modern music industry's first hit song was After the Ball by Charles K. Harris. A combination of artistic qualities within the song and socioeconomic forces external to the song propelled its popularity.
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Ledger Lines and Octave Signs: A Musician's GuideWhen a music writer needs to indicate pitches that are too high or too low to fit on a given staff, the writer must use special symbols to indicate the pitches. Those symbols are ledger lines and octave signs.
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Braces, Brackets, Systems: A Musician's GuideBraces, brackets and systems are among the most basic notational elements in music. Yet many musicians are fuzzy in their ability to define the three terms involved and to differentiate the range of uses for each of the three symbols.
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The Earth, Solar System, Stars and Universe as Musical InstrumentsModern scientists often study matter in terms of its vibratory nature. The Earth, the solar system, the stars and the universe have all attained a scientific status as gigantic musical instruments.
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Music in Jewish MysticismMusic serves as a primary vehicle by which Jewish mystics can attune themselves to their spiritual goals.
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Hindustani Classical Music as a Path to Spiritual Goals in IndiaThroughout all forms of Hinduism in India, sound plays an important role in the quest for liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. One widely used method for achieving that goal is Hindustani classical music.
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Yoga Chanting as a Path to Spiritual Goals in IndiaThroughout all forms of Hinduism in India, sound plays an important role in the quest for liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. One widely used method for achieving that goal is Yoga chanting.
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Categories of Etymology: Etymons, Doublets, Semantic FieldsEtymology includes investigations of not only individual words and their earlier forms (etymons) but also pairs of related forms (doublets) and large sets of words belonging to specified subject areas (semantic fields).
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Etymological FallacyThe etymological fallacy is the belief that an earlier meaning, especially the first known meaning, of a word is the word's true, real or correct meaning. Analysts who regard this view as an error see at least two flaws in it.
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Chiasmus: Rhetorical BalanceChiasmus is a type of rhetorical balance in which the second of two parallel phrases or clauses reverses the order of the syntactic elements in the first. It is used in many passages in the Bible and in other great literature.
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Homophonic Style in 16th-Century Music: A Concise Guide for Students and ListenersMusic of the 16th century is noted mainly for its polyphonic (contrapuntal, imitative, fugal) style. Often overlooked, by both students and listeners, is the importance during that period of its homophonic (chordal) style.
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Kepler's The Harmonies of the World - A Transition from Astrology to AstronomyOne of the principal figures in the transition from scientific astrology to modern pure science was the German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).
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Mysticism in Medieval Christian Music TheoryIn the Middle Ages, music was regarded as an instrument of spiritual perfection and played a major role in the Christian mystical quest.
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Yellow Bell: Music of the Universe in Ancient ChinaChina was probably the first civilization to record a detailed system of myth and science based on the concept of a musical universe.
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The Magic of Sound in Ancient EgyptAt the center of the ancient Egyptians' belief system was the magic power of sound.
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Music of the Gods in Ancient MesopotamiaIn ancient Mesopotamia, music did not just accompany religious ceremonies. It served as the main vehicle for understanding and communicating with the gods, who were conceived as being musical in their basic nature.
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Cosmic Music Order in Ancient MesopotamiaVirtually all known ancient civilizations incorporated musicomythological beliefs and imagery into their daily lives. Those beliefs and images almost certainly were directly or indirectly influenced by the cosmic music system of Mesopotamia.
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Music and Mysticism in Totemic CulturesIn totemic cultures, music serves as a vehicle by which humans can mystically enter, and absorb the wisdom and power of, the spirit world of the totems.
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Musical Shamanism in the Orang Asli Culture of the Malay PeninsulaIn many traditional cultures, sonic communication with spirits and gods is effected through a musical intermediary known as a shaman. One such culture is found among the Orang Asli, who inhabit the rain forests of the Malay Peninsula.
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Music and Mysticism in the Kalapalo Culture of BrazilIn many traditional cultures, sonic communication with spirits and gods leads to mysticism, a spiritual quest for personal union with the divine. One such culture is found among the Kalapalo of Brazil.
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Sonic Creation Myths in Traditional CulturesMyths in many traditional cultures around the world center on the belief that the world was created by a profound acoustic event, personified in the myths by sonic gods.
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Number Symbolism in the Isorhythmic MotetNumber symbolism has a long history in music. One of the most highly developed and meaningful forms of number symbolism in Western music is the isorhythmic motet.
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Double Counterpoint in the Twelfth: A Concise Guide for Music Students and ListenersDouble counterpoint is a musical-composition technique that comes in various types. By far the most important type in terms of tonal and structural enrichment of the music is double counterpoint in (or at) the twelfth.
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Double Counterpoint in the Octave: A Concise Guide for Music Students and ListenersDouble counterpoint in the octave involves the transposing of the lower of two contrapuntal parts up an octave or the transposing of the upper part down an octave.
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Anacrusis: Upbeat in Poetry, MusicThe word anacrusis, meaning upbeat, has important uses in poetry and music.
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Correlative Conjunctions: A Writer's GuideCorrelative conjunctions are conjunctions used in pairs, such as "either...or," to join sentence elements of equal grammatical rank. One of the most common writing flaws, even among professional writers, is the misuse of correlative conjunctions.
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Black-Bellied Whistling Duck: An Unducklike DuckThe black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis, family Anatidae, order Anseriformes) has physical features and behavior patterns more characteristic of geese and swans than of ducks.
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Bohemian Waxwing: a Gypsy BirdA waxwing is any of three species of shiny, beautifully colored songbirds. The Bohemian waxwing has many fascinating characteristics, one of which is its unusual gypsylike nomadic movements.
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Cedar Waxwing: Intoxicated BirdThe cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) has many fascinating characteristics, one of which is its unusual diet, which sometimes subjects the bird to intoxication.
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Northern Fulmar: One of the Longest-Lived BirdsThe northern fulmar, or fulmar petrel, has many fascinating characteristics, not the least of which is its extraordinary longevity.
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Greensleeves: an Analysis of the Folk SongAn analysis of the form and the modal-tonal implications of the folk song Greensleeves will help students understand the music, help performers shape the nuances of the music, and help listeners enjoy the full richness of the music.
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Early Music Printing Helped Shape Modern Music NotationMusic notation was still in the midst of an evolutionary process when an outside factor affected that process: the invention of the printing press. The most important factor in finalizing note shapes, signs, symbols and so on was early music printing.
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Storm Petrels: Seabirds that 'Walk' on WaterStorm petrels have many unusual qualities and habits that separate them from other seabirds. Not the least of those characteristics is the appearance they give of walking on water.
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Anthem: Origin and Meanings of the WordFor most people, the word "anthem" immediately brings to mind the term "national anthem." But that use of the word is fairly recent. The word "anthem" has been in English for more than 1,000 years and has served several different functions.
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Accent in Music: A Multidimensional ConceptA basic definition of the word "accent" in music is very simple: an emphasis on a pitch or a chord. But in practice, accent is a multidimensional concept.
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Origin of the Music StaffThe music staff is the foundation for most of the Western world's music notation. However, the staff did not always exist. Its origin is a story of false starts and gradual development.
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Anachronism, Parachronism, Prochronism: Meanings of the TermsMost contemporary English speakers have heard of the word anachronism, but people often misuse it. Knowing something about the term and its related words parachronism and prochronism will help readers use anachronism correctly.
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Kodiak Bear and Sun Bear: World's Largest and Smallest BearsBears are found in Europe, Asia and the Americas. They have many different sizes, colors, habits and habitats. The largest and smallest members of the family - the Kodiak bear and the sun bear, respectively - are different in just about every way.
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Secretary Birds and Crested Caracaras: Old World and New World Ground-Hunting RaptorsDespite belonging to different families and living on different continents, secretary birds and crested caracaras have much in common. They have similar habits, especially as ground hunters, and fill similar niches in their respective habitats.
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Absolute Music Vs. Program MusicThe term "absolute music" causes much debate and confusion in music circles. It is usually discussed in contrast with the term "program music."
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Doctrine of the Affections: The Key to a Major Era in MusicThe doctrine of the affections was an aesthetic theory of music in the Baroque period (c. 1600-c. 1750). To understand Baroque style, students, scholars, performers, and listeners should know something about the doctrine of the affections.
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"A Cappella," "A Due," "A Piacere," and "A Tempo": Music Performance AidsA cappella, a due, a piacere, and a tempo are common music terms that musicians must understand to be able to read and interpret a wide range of music correctly. Here are the performance meanings of those and similar music terms.
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"Plain Sailing," "Shipshape," and "Bristol Fashion": Nautical Origins of Three Common Expressions"Plain sailing," "shipshape," and "Bristol fashion" are modern everyday expressions derived from old nautical lingo.
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"Close Quarters," "Overboard," and "To Go by the Board": Nautical Origins of Three Common Expressions"Close quarters," "overboard," and "to go by the board" are modern everyday expressions derived from old nautical lingo.
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Expressions with Animal Origins but No Animal Names Starting with He-HoMany common English expressions have animal-related origins but contain no animal names. Here are some examples that begin with the letters he-ho.
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Apple of Discord, Apple of One's Eye, and Apple of Sodom: Origins and Meanings"Apple of discord," "apple of one's eye," and "apple of Sodom" are figurative phrases. They all originated in the ancient world but from completely different sources.
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Expressions with Animal Origins but No Animal Words T-YMany common English expressions have animal-related origins but contain no animal words. Here are some examples that begin with the letters t-y.
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Expressions with Animal Origins but No Animal Names Starting with Sp-SwMany common English expressions have animal-related origins but contain no animal names. Here are some examples that begin with the letters sp-sw.
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Expressions with Animal Origins but No Animal Words Sa-SoMany common English expressions have animal-related origins but contain no animal names. Here are some examples that begin with the letters sa-so.
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Expressions with Animal Origins but No Animal Words Ro-RuMany common English expressions have animal-related origins but contain no animal words. Here are some examples that begin with the letters ro-ru.